Magazine Art Where You Put Glue Over the Parts You Want Ant Then Take the Other Color Out

Technique of art production using assemblage of different forms

Collage (, from the French: coller, "to glue" or "to stick together";^[ane]) is a technique of art creation, primarily used in the visual arts, but in music too, by which art results from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole. (Compare with pastiche, which is a "pasting" together.)

A collage may sometimes include magazine and newspaper clippings, ribbons, paint, bits of colored or handmade papers, portions of other artwork or texts, photographs and other found objects, glued to a slice of paper or canvas. The origins of collage can exist traced back hundreds of years, but this technique fabricated a dramatic reappearance in the early 20th century every bit an art form of novelty.

The term Papier collé was coined by both Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso in the beginning of the 20th century when collage became a distinctive part of modern art.^[2]

History [edit]

Early on precedents [edit]

Techniques of collage were outset used at the fourth dimension of the invention of paper in Cathay, around 200 BC. The employ of collage, still, wasn't used by many people until the tenth century in Japan, when calligraphers began to apply glued paper, using texts on surfaces, when writing their poems.^[3] Some surviving pieces from this manner are plant in the collection of Nishi Hongan-ji— many volumes of the Sanju Rokunin Kashu.

The technique of collage appeared in medieval Europe during the 13th century. Gold leafage panels started to be applied in Gothic cathedrals around the 15th and 16th centuries. Gemstones and other precious metals were practical to religious images, icons, and besides, to coats of arms.^[iii] An 18th-century example of collage art can be establish in the work of Mary Delany. In the 19th century, collage methods also were used amid hobbyists for memorabilia (east.grand. applied to photo albums) and books (e.k. Hans Christian Andersen, Carl Spitzweg).^[3] Many institutions have attributed the beginnings of the do of collage to Picasso and Braque in 1912, notwithstanding, early Victorian photocollage advise collage techniques were practiced in the early 1860s.^[4] Many institutions recognize these works equally memorabilia for hobbyists, though they functioned every bit a facilitator of Victorian aristocratic collective portraiture, proof of female erudition, and presented a new mode of creative representation that questioned the way in which photography is true. In 2009, curator Elizabeth Siegel organized the exhibition: Playing with Pictures ^[v] at the Art Institute Chicago to acknowledge collage works by Alexandra of Denmark and Mary Georgina Filmer among others. The exhibition later on traveled to The Metropolitan Museum of Fine art^[vi] and The Art Gallery of Ontario.

Collage and modernism [edit]

Hannah Höch, Cutting with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Terminal Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany, 1919, collage of pasted papers, 90x144 cm, Staatliche Museum, Berlin.

Despite the pre-twentieth-century employ of collage-like application techniques, some art regime argue that collage, properly speaking, did not emerge until later on 1900, in conjunction with the early stages of modernism.

For example, the Tate Gallery's online fine art glossary states that collage "was offset used equally an artists' technique in the twentieth century".^[7] According to the Guggenheim Museum'southward online fine art glossary, collage is an artistic concept associated with the beginnings of modernism, and entails much more the idea of gluing something onto something else. The glued-on patches which Braque and Picasso added to their canvases offered a new perspective on painting when the patches "collided with the surface plane of the painting".^[8] In this perspective, collage was part of a methodical reexamination of the relation betwixt painting and sculpture, and these new works "gave each medium some of the characteristics of the other", co-ordinate to the Guggenheim essay. Furthermore, these chopped-up bits of newspaper introduced fragments of externally referenced significant into the standoff: "References to current events, such as the war in the Balkans, and to pop culture enriched the content of their art." This juxtaposition of signifiers, "at once serious and tongue-in-cheek", was fundamental to the inspiration behind collage: "Emphasizing concept and procedure over finish product, collage has brought the incongruous into meaningful congress with the ordinary."^[8]

Collage in painting [edit]

Collage in the modernist sense began with Cubist painters Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso. Snippets and fragments of dissimilar and unrelated subject field affair made up Cubism collages, or papier collé, which gave them a deconstructed form and advent.^[9] According to some sources, Picasso was the first to apply the collage technique in oil paintings. According to the Guggenheim Museum's online article about collage, Braque took up the concept of collage itself before Picasso, applying it to charcoal drawings. Picasso adopted collage immediately after (and could be the first to apply collage in paintings, as opposed to drawings):

"It was Braque who purchased a roll of fake oak-grain wallpaper and began cutting out pieces of the paper and attaching them to his charcoal drawings. Picasso immediately began to make his own experiments in the new medium."^[eight]

In 1912 for his Still Life with Chair Caning (Nature-morte à la chaise cannée),^[x] Picasso pasted a patch of oilcloth with a chair-cane design onto the canvas of the piece.

Surrealist artists have made extensive use of collage and have swayed away from the even so-life focus of Cubists. Rather, in keeping with surrealism, surrealist artists such equally Joseph Cornell created collages consisting of fictional and strange, dream-like scenes.^[9] Cubomania is a collage fabricated by cutting an image into squares which are then reassembled automatically or at random. Collages produced using a similar, or peradventure identical, method are called etrécissements by Marcel Mariën from a method kickoff explored by Mariën. Surrealist games such every bit parallel collage utilise collective techniques of collage making.

The Sidney Janis Gallery held an early on Pop Art exhibit called the New Realist Exhibition in November 1962, which included works past the American artists Tom Wesselmann, Jim Dine, Robert Indiana, Roy Lichtenstein, Claes Oldenburg, James Rosenquist, George Segal, and Andy Warhol; and Europeans such as Arman, Baj, Christo, Yves Klein, Festa, Mimmo Rotella, Jean Tinguely, and Schifano. Information technology followed the Nouveau Réalisme exhibition at the Galerie Rive Droite in Paris, and marked the international debut of the artists who soon gave rise to what came to be called Popular Art in Britain and The United States and Nouveau Réalisme on the European continent. Many of these artists used collage techniques in their work. Wesselmann took role in the New Realist show with some reservations,^[11] exhibiting two 1962 works: All the same life #17 and Still life #22.

Some other technique is that of canvas collage, which is the application, typically with glue, of separately painted canvass patches to the surface of a painting's main canvas. Well known for use of this technique is British creative person John Walker in his paintings of the tardily 1970s, just sail collage was already an integral part of the mixed media works of such American artists as Conrad Marca-Relli and Jane Frank past the early 1960s. The intensely self-critical Lee Krasner also frequently destroyed her own paintings by cutting them into pieces, only to create new works of fine art by reassembling the pieces into collages.

Collage with wood [edit]

What may exist called wood collage is the dominant feature in this 1964 mixed media painting by Jane Frank (1918–1986)

The woods collage is a type that emerged somewhat later than paper collage. Kurt Schwitters began experimenting with woods collages in the 1920s later on already having given up painting for paper collages.^[12] The principle of wood collage is conspicuously established at least as early as his 'Merz Picture with Candle', dating from the mid to late 1920s.

In a sense, wood collage made its debut indirectly at the same time as paper collage, since co-ordinate to the Guggenheim online, Georges Braque initiated use of paper collage past cut out pieces of simulated oak-grain wallpaper and attaching them to his own charcoal drawings.^[eight] Thus, the idea of gluing wood to a moving-picture show was implicit from the starting time, since the paper used was a commercial production manufactured to wait like wood.

It was during a fifteen-year period of intense experimentation first in the mid-1940s that Louise Nevelson evolved her sculptural forest collages, assembled from institute scraps, including parts of article of furniture, pieces of wooden crates or barrels, and architectural remnants like stair railings or moldings. Generally rectangular, very large, and painted black, they resemble gigantic paintings. Concerning Nevelson's Heaven Cathedral (1958), the Museum of Modern Art catalogue states, "As a rectangular aeroplane to exist viewed from the front, Sky Cathedral has the pictorial quality of a painting..."^[13] ^[14] Yet such pieces likewise nowadays themselves every bit massive walls or monoliths, which tin can sometimes be viewed from either side, or even looked through.

Much wood collage art is considerably smaller in scale, framed and hung as a painting would be. It usually features pieces of wood, forest shavings, or scraps, assembled on a canvas (if in that location is painting involved), or on a wooden board. Such framed, picture-like, wood-relief collages offering the artist an opportunity to explore the qualities of depth, natural color, and textural variety inherent in the textile, while drawing on and taking advantage of the linguistic communication, conventions, and historical resonances that arise from the tradition of creating pictures to hang on walls. The technique of forest collage is also sometimes combined with painting and other media in a single piece of work of fine art.

Frequently, what is called "wood collage art" uses merely natural wood - such as driftwood, or parts of found and unaltered logs, branches, sticks, or bark. This raises the question of whether such artwork is collage (in the original sense) at all (come across Collage and modernism). This is because the early, paper collages were mostly made from $.25 of text or pictures - things originally made past people, and performance or signifying in some cultural context. The collage brings these still-recognizable "signifiers" (or fragments of signifiers) together, in a kind of semiotic standoff. A truncated wooden chair or staircase newel used in a Nevelson work tin can also exist considered a potential element of collage in the aforementioned sense: it had some original, culturally determined context. Unaltered, natural wood, such every bit one might detect on a wood floor, arguably has no such context; therefore, the characteristic contextual disruptions associated with the collage idea, equally it originated with Braque and Picasso, cannot really take identify. (Driftwood is of course sometimes ambiguous: while a piece of driftwood may once take been a piece of worked woods - for example, part of a send - it may be so weathered by salt and sea that its past functional identity is almost or completely obscured.)

Decoupage [edit]

Decoupage is a blazon of collage usually divers as a craft. It is the process of placing a movie into an object for decoration. Decoupage can involve adding multiple copies of the same image, cut and layered to add apparent depth. The picture show is oftentimes coated with varnish or another sealant for protection.

In the early function of the 20th century, decoupage, similar many other art methods, began experimenting with a less realistic and more than abstract fashion. 20th-century artists who produced decoupage works include Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. The well-nigh famous decoupage piece of work is Matisse's Blue Nude II.

There are many varieties on the traditional technique involving purpose made 'gum' requiring fewer layers (often five or 20, depending on the amount of paper involved). Cutouts are also applied under glass or raised to give a three-dimensional appearance co-ordinate to the desire of the decouper. Currently decoupage is a popular handicraft.

The arts and crafts became known as découpage in French republic (from the verb découper, 'to cutting out') as it attained great popularity during the 17th and 18th centuries. Many advanced techniques were developed during this fourth dimension, and items could take up to a year to complete due to the many coats and sandings applied. Some famous or aristocratic practitioners included Marie Antoinette, Madame de Pompadour, and Young man Brummell. In fact the bulk of decoupage enthusiasts attribute the beginning of decoupage to 17th century Venice. However it was known before this time in Asia.

The well-nigh likely origin of decoupage is idea to be Due east Siberian funerary art. Nomadic tribes would use cutting out felts to decorate the tombs of their deceased. From Siberia, the do came to China, and by the 12th century, cut out newspaper was being used to decorate lanterns, windows, boxes and other objects. In the 17th century, Italy, especially in Venice, was at the forefront of merchandise with the Far East and information technology is generally thought that information technology is through these trade links that the cut out paper decorations made their way into Europe.

Photomontage [edit]

Collage made from photographs, or parts of photographs, is chosen photomontage. Photomontage is the process (and result) of making a composite photograph by cutting and joining a number of other photographs. The composite motion-picture show was sometimes photographed so that the final prototype is converted dorsum into a seamless photographic print. The same method is achieved today using epitome-editing software. The technique is referred to by professionals equally compositing.

Just what is it that makes today'south homes and so different, so highly-seasoned? was created in 1956 for the catalogue of the This Is Tomorrow exhibition in London, England in which it was reproduced in blackness and white. In improver, the piece was used in posters for the exhibit.^[15] Richard Hamilton has afterwards created several works in which he reworked the subject and limerick of the pop art collage, including a 1992 version featuring a female person bodybuilder. Many artists accept created derivative works of Hamilton'south collage. P. C. Helm made a year 2000 interpretation.^[16]

Other methods for combining pictures are too called photomontage, such as Victorian "combination press", the printing from more than i negative on a unmarried piece of printing paper (e.g. O. 1000. Rejlander, 1857), front end-project and computer montage techniques. Much as a collage is equanimous of multiple facets, artists also combine montage techniques. Romare Bearden'southward (1912–1988) series of black and white "photomontage projections" is an example. His method began with compositions of newspaper, paint, and photographs put on boards 8½ × eleven inches. Bearden fixed the imagery with an emulsion that he then applied with handroller. Subsequently, he enlarged the collages photographically.

The 19th century tradition of physically joining multiple images into a composite and photographing the results prevailed in press photography and get-go lithography until the widespread utilize of digital image editing. Gimmicky photograph editors in magazines now create "paste-ups" digitally.

Creating a photomontage has, for the most function, become easier with the advent of computer software such as Adobe Photoshop, Pixel image editor, and GIMP. These programs brand the changes digitally, allowing for faster workflow and more precise results. They also mitigate mistakes by assuasive the artist to "disengage" errors. Yet some artists are pushing the boundaries of digital image editing to create extremely time-intensive compositions that rival the demands of the traditional arts. The current tendency is to create pictures that combine painting,^[17] theatre, illustration and graphics in a seamless photographic whole.

Digital collage [edit]

Digital collage is the technique of using computer tools in collage creation to encourage take chances associations of disparate visual elements and the subsequent transformation of the visual results through the utilise of electronic media. It is commonly used in the creation of digital art using programs such as Photoshop.

3-dimensional collage [edit]

A 3D collage is the art of putting altogether three-dimensional objects such every bit rocks, beads, buttons, coins, or even soil to form a new whole or a new object. Examples can include houses, dewdrop circles, etc.

Mosaic [edit]

Information technology is the art of putting together or assembling of small pieces of newspaper, tiles, marble, stones, etc. They are often found in cathedrals, churches, temples as a spiritual significance of interior design. Pocket-sized pieces, normally roughly quadratic, of rock or drinking glass of dissimilar colors, known as tesserae, (diminutive tessellae), are used to create a blueprint or picture.

eCollage [edit]

The term "eCollage" (electronic Collage) tin be used for a collage created past using calculator tools.

Collage artists [edit]

Johannes Baader
Johannes Theodor Baargeld
Jeannie Baker
Nick Bantock
Hannelore Baron
Romare Bearden
April Bey
Peter Blake
Guy Bleus
Umberto Boccioni
Rita Boley Bolaffio
Henry Botkin
Pauline Boty
Mark Bradford
Georges Braque
Alberto Burri
Claude Cahun
Reginald Instance
Peter Clarke
Jess Collins
Greg Colson
Felipe Jesus Consalvos
Joseph Cornell
Amadeo de Souza Cardoso
Eric Carle
Njideka Akunyili Crosby
Jim Dine
Burhan Doğançay
Magie Dominic
Arthur G. Dove
Jean Dubuffet
Marcel Duchamp
Lois Ehlert
Max Ernst
Nick Gentry
Terry Gilliam
Juan Gris
Olena Golub
George Grosz
Raymond Hains
Kenneth Halliwell
Richard Hamilton
Raoul Hausmann
Damien Hirst
Hannah Höch
David Hockney
Istvan Horkay
Ray Johnson
Peter Kennard
Jiří Kolář
Lee Krasner
Barbara Kruger
Ligel Lambert
François Lanzi
John K. Lawson
Kazimir Malevich
Conrad Marca-Relli
Eugene J. Martin
Henri Matisse
John McHale
Robert Motherwell
Vik Muniz
Wangechi Mutu
Joseph Nechvatal
Louise Nevelson
Robert Nickle
Eduardo Paolozzi
Sergei Parajanov
Claude Pélieu
Francis Picabia
Pablo Picasso
Carl Plate
David Plunkert
Guillem Ramos-Poquí
David Ratcliff
Robert Rauschenberg
Man Ray
Gordon Rice
Larry Rivers
James Rosenquist
Martha Rosler
Mimmo Rotella
Anne Ryan
Kurt Schwitters
Winston Smith
Gino Severini
Lorna Simpson
John Stezaker
Daniel Spoerri
Francois Szalay - Colos
Roderick Slater
Nancy Spero
Linder Sterling
Sergei Sviatchenko
Ivan Tabakovic
Jonathan Talbot
Lenore Tawney
Cecil Touchon
Scott Treleaven
Fatimah Tuggar
Jacques Villeglé
Kara Walker
Tom Wesselmann

Gallery [edit]

Georges Braque, Fruitdish and Glass, 1912, papier collé and charcoal on paper

In other contexts [edit]

In architecture [edit]

Though Le Corbusier and other architects used techniques that are akin to collage, collage as a theoretical concept simply became widely discussed subsequently the publication of Collage City (1978) by Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter.

Rowe and Koetter were not, notwithstanding, championing collage in the pictorial sense, much less seeking the types of disruptions of significant that occur with collage. Instead, they were looking to challenge the uniformity of Modernism and saw collage with its non-linear notion of history as a ways to reinvigorate design practise. Not but does historical urban fabric have its identify, simply in studying it, designers were, then it was hoped, able to get a sense of how improve to operate. Rowe was a fellow member of the so-chosen Texas Rangers, a group of architects who taught at the Academy of Texas for a while. Another member of that grouping was Bernhard Hoesli, a Swiss builder who went on to become an of import educator at the ETH-Zurirch. Whereas for Rowe, collage was more a metaphor than an actual practice, Hoesli actively made collages as part of his blueprint process. He was close to Robert Slutzky, a New York-based artist, and frequently introduced the question of collage and disruption in his studio work.

In music [edit]

The concept of collage has crossed the boundaries of visual arts. In music, with the advances on recording engineering science, avant-garde artists started experimenting with cutting and pasting since the center of the twentieth century.

In the 1960s, George Martin created collages of recordings while producing the records of The Beatles. In 1967 pop creative person Peter Blake made the collage for the cover of the Beatles seminal album Sgt. Pepper'south Lonely Hearts Club Ring. In the 1970s and 1980s, the likes of Christian Marclay and the group Negativland reappropriated old audio in new ways. By the 1990s and 2000s, with the popularity of the sampler, it became credible that "musical collages" had become the norm for popular music, especially in rap, hip-hop and electronic music.^[18] In 1996, DJ Shadow released the groundbreaking album, Endtroducing....., made entirely of preexisting recorded textile mixed together in audible collage. In the aforementioned year, New York Metropolis based creative person, writer, and musician, Paul D. Miller aka DJ Spooky's work pushed the work of sampling into a museum and gallery context as an art exercise that combined DJ culture's obsession with archival materials every bit audio sources on his album Songs of a Dead Dreamer and in his books Rhythm Science (2004) and Audio Unbound (2008) (MIT Press). In his books, "mash-up" and collage based mixes of authors, artists, and musicians such as Antonin Artaud, James Joyce, William S. Burroughs, and Raymond Scott were featured equally role of a what he called "literature of sound." In 2000, The Avalanches released Since I Left You, a musical collage consisting of approximately 3,500 musical sources (i.east., samples).^[19]

In illustration [edit]

Collage is ordinarily used as a technique in children's picture book illustration. Eric Carle is a prominent example, using vividly colored mitt-textured papers cut to shape and layered together, sometimes embellished with crayon or other marks. Run across prototype at The Very Hungry Caterpillar.

In creative person'due south books [edit]

Collage is sometimes used solitary or in combination with other techniques in artists' books, especially in one-off unique books rather than as reproduced images in published books.^[20]

In literature [edit]

Collage novels are books with images selected from other publications and collaged together following a theme or narrative.

The bible of discordianism, the Principia Discordia, is described past its author every bit a literary collage. A collage in literary terms may also refer to a layering of ideas or images.

In manner blueprint [edit]

Collage is utilized in fashion design in the sketching process, as function of mixed media illustrations, where drawings together with diverse materials such every bit paper, photographs, yarns or textile bring ideas into designs.

In motion-picture show [edit]

Collage flick is traditionally divers as, "A film that juxtaposes fictional scenes with footage taken from disparate sources, such as newsreels." Combining unlike types of footage tin have diverse implications depending on the director'due south arroyo. Collage pic can also refer to the physical collaging of materials onto filmstrips. Canadian filmmaker Arthur Lipsett was especially renowned for his collage films, many of which were made from the cutting room floors of the National Film Lath studios.

In post-production [edit]

The employ of CGI, or computer-generated imagery, can be considered a grade of collage, particularly when animated graphics are layered over traditional picture show footage. At certain moments during Amélie (Jean-Pierre Juenet, 2001), the mise en scène takes on a highly fantasized style, including fictitious elements like swirling tunnels of color and light. David O. Russell's I Heart Huckabees (2004) incorporates CGI effects to visually demonstrate philosophical theories explained by the existential detectives (played by Lily Tomlin and Dustin Hoffman). In this example, the effects serve to raise clarity, while adding a surreal aspect to an otherwise realistic film.

Legal problems [edit]

When collage uses existing works, the result is what some copyright scholars phone call a derivative work. The collage thus has a copyright carve up from whatever copyrights pertaining to the original incorporated works.

Due to redefined and reinterpreted copyright laws, and increased fiscal interests, some forms of collage art are significantly restricted. For example, in the area of sound collage (such as hip hop music), some court rulings effectively have eliminated the de minimis doctrine as a defense force to copyright infringement, thus shifting collage practice away from not-permissive uses relying on fair employ or de minimis protections, and toward licensing.^[21] Examples of musical collage art that have run afoul of modern copyright are The Grayness Album and Negativland's U2.

The copyright status of visual works is less troubled, although still ambiguous. For case, some visual collage artists have argued that the first-sale doctrine protects their piece of work. The showtime-auction doctrine prevents copyright holders from controlling consumptive uses later on the "first auction" of their work, although the Ninth Circuit has held that the showtime-auction doctrine does not apply to derivative works.^[22] The de minimis doctrine and the fair use exception also provide important defenses against claimed copyright infringement.^[23] The Second Circuit in October, 2006, held that artist Jeff Koons was not liable for copyright infringement because his incorporation of a photograph into a collage painting was fair utilize.^[24]

References [edit]

Bibliography [edit]

Adamowicz, Elza (1998). Surrealist Collage in Text and Prototype: Dissecting the Exquisite Corpse. Cambridge Academy Press. ISBN0-521-59204-6.
Ruddick Bloom, Susan (2006). Digital Collage and Painting: Using Photoshop and Painter to Create Fine art. Focal Printing. ISBN0-240-80705-7.
Museum Factory by Istvan Horkay
History of Collage Excerpts from Nita Leland and Virginia Lee and from George F. Brommer
West, Shearer (1996). The Bullfinch Guide to Fine art . Great britain: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN0-8212-2137-X.
Rowe, Colin; Koetter, Fred (1978). Collage Urban center. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN9780262180863.
Mark Jarzombek, "Bernhard Hoesli Collages/Civitas", Bernhard Hoesli: Collages, exh. true cat., Christina Betanzos Pint, editor (Knoxville: University of Tennessee, September 2001), 3-eleven.
Taylor, Brandon. Urban walls: a generation of collage in Europe & America: Burhan Dogançay with François Dufrêne, Raymond Hains, Robert Rauschenberg, Mimmo Rotella, Jacques Villeglé, Wolf Vostell. ISBN 9781555952884; OCLC 191318119 (New York: Hudson Hills Press; [Lanham, Doctor]: Distributed in the United states of america by National Volume Network, 2008)
Excavations (Ontological Museum Acquisitions) by Richard Misiano-Genovese

Notes [edit]

^ Enslen, Denise. "Origin of the term "collage"". Archived from the original on 2012-04-12.
^ Collage, essay by Clement Greenberg Retrieved July 20, 2010
^ ^a ^b ^c Leland, Nita; Virginia Lee Williams (September 1994). "1". Creative Collage Techniques. North Light Books. p. vii. ISBN0-89134-563-9.
^ "Overview | the Art Plant of Chicago".
^ Art Plant of Chicago, Playing with Pictures
^ "Playing with Pictures: The Art of Victorian Photocollage, Exhibition, The Met Museum, February 2–May 9, 2010". world wide web.metmuseum.org. 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-01-nineteen. Retrieved 2022-01-17 .
^ "Introduction to collage". Tate Gallery website
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Guggenheimcollection.org". Archived from the original on 2008-02-18. Retrieved 2008-02-09 .
^ ^a ^b "Exploring the Cutting-Border History and Evolution of Collage Art". My Modern Met. 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2021-02-24 .
^ Nature-morte à la chaise cannée Archived 2005-03-05 at the Wayback Machine - Musée National Picasso Paris
^ (cf. S. Stealingworth, 1980, p. 31)
^ Kurt-schwitters.org
^ "Louise Nevelson, Sky Cathedral 1958". The Museum of Mod Art. Retrieved 2019-11-xiii .
^ "Sky Cathedral", MoMA Highlights, New York: The Museum of Mod Art , revised 2004, originally published 1999, p. 222
^ "This is tomorrow" Archived 2010-01-fifteen at the Wayback Automobile, thisistomorrow2.com (curlicue to "prototype 027TT-1956.jpg"). Retrieved 27 August 2008.
^ "Just what is information technology" Archived 2008-11-21 at the Wayback Machine, pchelm.com. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
^ Yuri Rydkin "Within (photo collages)". Sygma . Retrieved 8 January 2021. // Foreword: art critic Теймур Даими, photograph artist Василий Ломакин, literary critic Елена Зейферт.
^ Guy Garcia (June 1991). "Play It Again, Sampler". Fourth dimension. Archived from the original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-27 .
^ Marker Pytlik (November 2006). "The Avalanches". Sound on Audio. Archived from the original on 2012-02-06. Retrieved 2007-06-16 .
^ "Wireless Presentation | Technology Services | VCU".
^ See Bridgeport Music, 6th Cir.
^ Delusion Editions, Inc. v. Albuquerque A.R.T. Co., 856 F.2d 1341 (9th Cir. 1989)
^ See the Fair Use Network for further explanations.
^ Flinch v. Koons, -- F.3d --, 2006 WL 3040666 (2d Cir. Oct. 26, 2006)

External links [edit]

Look up collage in Wiktionary, the costless dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Collage.

Collageart.org, an extensive website devoted to the art of collage
Clement Greenberg on collage
Exhibition of traditional and digital collage past many artists - curated past Jonathan Talbot in 2001
Cecil Touchon'south International Museum of Collage, Assemblage and Construction
Kolaj mag, a print magazine about contemporary collage.
Artist Deborah Harris "The Process of Collage"
"5 Smooth Collage Artists that Knew How to Put the Pieces Together"

cunninghamwhinunatined.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage